Lorsque l’on évoque le faux en bibliophilie, on pense généralement aux manipulations effectuées au niveau du papier, des pages, des gravures, d’un envoi, à la recomposition d’un exemplaire complet à partir de plusieurs incomplets, voire dans le cas de la reliure, à un réemboitage qui ne serait pas signalé, ou à de fausses armes… mais on pense moins souvent aux fausses reliures elles-mêmes.
Et pour cause, compte-tenu des efforts que demande une reliure d’artiste, un faux, pour être crédible aux yeux des experts, demanderait une telle expertise et une telle quantité de travail, que le retour sur investissement ne serait pas garanti. Quel serait pour le faussaire l’intérêt d’un faux demandant les mêmes qualités que celles d’un artiste du livre, avec en plus le risque de se faire démasquer. La reliure d’art est une discipline trop technique, et qui demande trop de temps pour se prêter à une contrefaçon lucrative.
Il existe pourtant un exemple récent de faux en reliure, aux frontières de la bibliophilie, ce qui explique le succès que cette entreprise de contrefaçon a rencontré.
Le faussaire, Icilio Federico Joni (1866 – 1946), est un peintre italien de la ville de Sienne. Abandonné à sa naissance et confié à l’hôpital des enfants abandonnés de Santa Maria alla Scala. Très jeune, il se passionne pour la peinture italienne du XIIIe au XVIIe siècles et il va tirer profit du développement du marché international des antiquités pour produire et vendre, à l’aide de complices, des faux d’oeuvres des peintres primitifs italiens du XIVe et XVe siècles.
Il cible particulièrement des grand collectionneurs étrangers, souvent américains, qui sont, eux et leurs experts, bluffés par la qualité des oeuvres de Joni; ainsi les collectionneurs Wilmerding et Berenson, ou le grand bibliphile américain Robert Hoe.
Si Joni réalise en effet des tableaux inspirés des maîtres italiens di Buoninsegna, Pietro Lorenzotti ou Beato Angelico par exemple, il se consacre aussi à la production de reliures peintes sur ais de bois, inspirées de celles employées sur les livres de comptes de la ville de Sienne du XIIIe au XVe siècle. Son succès et sa « crédibilité » réside dans le fait que Joni ne tente pas de reproduire les reliures de Marius Michel, Padeloup ou Le Gascon, mais capitalise bien sur son talent d’artiste peintre pour proposer ces reliures à la frontière de la bibliophilie et de l’art pictural.
De ce travail va naître une série de fausses reliures peintes, dont on connaît aujourd’hui une quinzaine d’exemplaires (cf. M. Foot, A Pair of Bookcovers of the late 19th Century by I.F. Joni, The Bookcollector, 1985).
Il faut avouer que même si l’on sait désormais qu’il s’agît de faux, leur qualité les rend très désirables.
Icilio Federico Joni avoua la supercherie dans ses mémoires parues en 1932, da Le Memorie di Un Pittore di Quadri Antichi. On imagine alors le scandale et la mine déconfite des experts et autres antiquaires qui avaient joué les intermédiaires entre les complices de Joni et les collectionneurs.L’histoire retiendra que ses toiles et reliures sont aujourd’hui très recherchées et figurent souvent dans de grands musées, la petite histoire, elle, retiendra que Joni signait ses oeuvres de l’acronyme PAICAP, littéralement Per Andare In Culo Al Prossimo, que je vous laisse le soin de traduire, mais qui est évidemment un pied de nez aux experts et aux grands amateurs.
H
La lettre du bibliophile
Si cette chronique vous a plu : recevez trois nouvelles par semaine — livres rares, reliures, enchères, et les Dossiers IGLI. 18 ans d'archives, quelques milliers de lecteurs.
Pas de pub, pas de revente de données. Désabonnement en un clic.
Amis Bibliophiles bonsoir, En écho à l’article sur le Calendrier des Bergers paru dans le deuxième numéro de La Nouvelle Revue des Livres Anciens et à celui que j’avais écrit sur le blog sur Le Messager Boiteux (http://bibliophilie.blogspot.com/2008/01/le-messager-boiteux.html), René vous propose ce soir un article sur l’Almanach des Bergers. « Dans l’un des plus célèbres romans de Balzac, « Illusions perdues », David Séchard rachète l’imprimerie paternelle à des conditions très défavorables et se retrouve rapidement proche de la ruine. Il recherche en secret un procédé permettant de produire du papier à faible coût. Pendant ce temps, son épouse Eve essaie de lui venir en aide en faisant tant bien que mal tourner l’imprimerie.« Eve, qui remuait tout dans l’imprimerie, y trouva la collection des figures nécessaires à l’impres-sion d’un almanach dit des Bergers, où les choses sont représentées par des signes, par des images des gravures en rouge, en noir ou en bleu. Le vieux Séchard, qui ne savait ni lire ni écrire, avait jadis gagné beaucoup d’argent à imprimer ce livre destiné à ceux qui ne savent pas lire. Cet almanach, qui se vend un sou, consiste en une feuille pliée soixante-quatre fois, ce qui constitue un in-64 de cent vingt-huit pages. Tout heureuse du succès de ses feuilles volantes, industrie à laquelle s’adonnent surtout les petites imprimeries de province, madame Séchard entreprit l’Almanach des Bergers sur une grande échelle. » Ce curieux almanach populaire imprimé en rouge et noir, qui semble destiné à un public illettré, est d’une telle complexité de signes qu’il faut bien penser, comme Nisard (Histoire des livres populaires), qu’il n’en est rien. « Je ne sache pas qu’il y ait quelque chose au monde de plus bizarre, de plus original. Figurez vous un almanach sans texte, ou du moins sans celui pour lequel un almanach est particulièrement fait, c’est à dire l’indication des jours et des quantièmes du mois. Ces renseignements si essentiels sont donnés en caractères hiéroglyphiques, de telle sorte que, s’il est vraiment comme on est fondé à le croire d’abord que ce livre est destiné aux gens qui ne savent pas lire, il faut nécessairement que, pour parvenir à deviner et à savoir par coeur ces caractères, ils fassent cent fois plus d’efforts d’intelligence et de mémoire qu’ils en feraient seulement à lire l’écriture vulgaire ». Nisard s’extasie sur ce livre extraordinaire pendant plusieurs pages, à grand renfort de descriptions, et uniquement « pour les bibliophiles ».Parmi ces signes hiéroglyphiques, on peut noter : « bon sevrer les enfants, bon prendre des pilules, bon couper les ongles, etc. ». L’archétype de ce genre d’almanach est évidemment le Compost et kalendrier des bergers (voir NLRA n° 2).Cependant un des plus célèbres almanachs « modernes » est celui de Mathieu Lansbert dit « de Liège » publié pour la première fois en 1636 par Léonard Streel et continué par les héritiers et descendants, les Bourguignon, sous les noms successifs de Laensbergh puis Mathieu Lansberg qui désigne cette publication depuis trois siècles. Imprimée en rouge et noir, et richement illustrée, cette édition populaire contient, outre le calendrier des mois, les dates des fêtes et foires mobiles, des éclipses, une liste des prédictions pour l’année en cours et se termine par l’almanach des bergers avec les douze signes célestes gouvernant le corps humain. Cette petite publication bon marché se retrouvait partout : dans les auberges, les fermes, les châteaux et même chez les Princes. Elle rythmait les saisons et on y trouvait des conseils pour les cultures et les récoltes, les horaires de diligences, des proverbes, etc. Son succès tenait aussi au fait qu’il relatait des événements remarquables arrivés en Europe et dans le monde. Ces textes qui atteignaient toutes les couches de la population suscitaient la méfiance des gouvernements. Cependant Napoléon avait compris qu’on pouvait l’utiliser comme « outil de communication ».Une anecdote raconte que la Comtesse du Barry avait cru y découvrir, en 1774, l’annonce d’une mauvaise nouvelle pour le mois d’avril. Le 27 avril Louis XV contracta la variole et en mourut le 10 mai. C’est donc en annexe du Mathieu Lansberg qu’on trouvait le fameux Almanach des bergers destiné aux illettrés. Comme le calendrier des mois, il est illustré de petites gravures assez frustes mais qui ne manquent pas de sel. Qui était Mathieu Lansberg ? Malgré les recherches et hypothèses diverses – un chanoine, un mathématicien, un astronome, etc – on n’est jamais parvenu à identifier ce personnage qui n’a probablement jamais existé et qui fut sans doute une pure création de l’imprimeur. Au XVIIII siècle, un chroniqueur français se gaussait de l’almanach en disant que Liège n’était connue de la République des Lettres que grâce à Mathieu Lansberg.L’almanach était vendu soit simplement broché ou en « reliure d’édition » parfois même avec les tranches dorées, les plus aisés le faisait relier plein veau. Souvent l’éditeur ajoutait des feuillets vierges où on pouvait apporter des annotations personnelles, le papier était peu courant et difficile à se procurer. Au XVIIIe siècle on allait jusqu’à utiliser des cartes à jouer en guise de carte de visite manuscrite ou pour rédiger un reçu.Interrompue pendant la guerre 14-18, la publication se poursuivit même pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale mais sous l’étroite surveillance de l’occupant. Après être passé par divers éditeurs successifs – Vve Bourguigon, Collardin, Renard & Frères, Duvivier-Sterpin, Ista, De Neef, le dernier almanach de Mathieu Lansberg paru en 1959 pour l’année 1960 chez l’imprimeur liégeois Vaillant-Carmanne. D’après les exemplaires que je possède, il semble que l’annexe Almanach des Bergers ait disparu vers 1910.Cependant, aujourd’hui, en l’an de grâce 2010, les éditions Casterman publient toujours un Grand Double Almanach Belge dit de Liège qui en est à 186e année. Il est vendu au prix de 3.95 euros. Merci René!H
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Writing doctoral dissertation is a prerequisite before a PhD degree conferred to you. It usually entails conducting some form of research. Dissertation writing is therefore not among the simplest form of writing you will come across. Dissertation writing process will normally begin by selecting of a topic or a concept. The topic should be on a relevant field and that which would lead to development of new knowledge in the field. While selecting a topic for dissertation writing, ensures that your topic is simple, realistic and attainable. After you have decided on a topic, you need to embark on writing a dissertation proposal. A dissertation proposal is a detailed work plan that provides specific details on how your dissertation project will be conducted. The proposal should contain; an introduction of the topic, the problem statement of your dissertation, objectives, research questions and hypothesis of your study and research methods you plan on using. A proposal in dissertation writing should also contain a literature review. A literature review is a detailed analysis of what other authors have said about your topic of study. The dissertation proposal should also include a work schedule and a budget plan for your dissertation project. After writing your proposal the next step is the collection and analysis of data. There are many approaches for collecting and analyzing data and the choice of these will dependent on the study. Then next is the actual dissertation writing. Dissertation papers should contain all those details included in the proposals. It should also encompass chapters that present the results and finding of the study. Dissertation writing should follow specific structure and style of formatting. This again will vary depending on your study type, institution or field of study. This process of dissertation writing consumes a lot of time and requires a lot of expertise and experience. These sometimes present a challenge to many students when it comes to dissertation writing. We are now providing dissertation writing services. We are offering dissertation papers for a variety of academic fields including; history, sciences, business, psychology and literature among many others. We have highly experienced writers who are also experts in dissertation writing. These dissertation writers are all PhD graduates who have years of practice in writing and have never disappointed when it comes to writing dissertation papers. Our writers will ensure that all the standards for your dissertation writing are adhered to. Though some standard requirement will vary from one dissertation papers to the other, there are some dissertation writing standard requirements that apply to all dissertation papers. One of them is the use of correct language, sentences, spelling and punctuations. Errors committed in such areas my completely alter what you intended to communicate in your dissertations. Another requirement is that your dissertation papers should be original and plagiarism free. To ensure that our papers remain 100 percent original and non-plagiarized we have instructed our writers to always start the writing process from scratch. We also scan all our papers using plagiarism checking software before we hand them over to our client. When you purchase our dissertation writing services, you receive papers that are guaranteed to satisfy your individual needs. This is because all our dissertation papers are custom written which ensures that we are able to adhere to our customers’ concerns and focus in meeting their expectations. Our dissertation writing services are also available at affordable prices.
J’ignorais également tout de ce faussaire dont les réalisations sont spectaculaires. Je dois avouer que je ne connais rien non plus aux livres de compte siennois du XIVe s. … Une petite recherche sur internet montre toute la diversité de sa production ainsi que l’une de ses oeuvres qui passera en vente le 31 mai : https://chiswickauctions.co.uk/lot/170531-lot-48/
Trois chroniques par semaine — livres rares, reliures, enchères, et les Dossiers IGLI. 18 ans d’archives, quelques milliers de lecteurs.
Pas de pub, pas de revente de données. Désabonnement en un clic.
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Writing a medical thesis or dissertation is a task done by almost all postgraduate and master’s medical students. Dissertation is derived from the Latin word disserto which means discuss. It is essential to write successful medical papers such as medicine essays and medical thesis papers. There are several reasons as to why students write medicine essays. One of the reasons is to promote enhancement of critical judgment, research skills as well as analytical skills. Moreover, medicine essay writing produce students with the ability to 4evaluate and analyze data critically.
The initial step for writing medicine essays is to choose a topic. A writer should have at least three topics to choose from. The topic has to be interesting, feasible and relevant. It is essential to write quality medicine essay. Hence, students need to have analytical skills and perfect writing skills. The writing skills will enable them write outstanding essay papers that can be highly regarded by instructors and professors. Teachers often require a lot and expect a lot from their students in terms of medicine essay writing. for this reason, students find essay writing to be an extremely difficult task and hence resort to buying custom medicine essays.
A custom medicine essay has to be written by professional writers who are qualified in the field of nursing. Moreover, the custom medicine essay has to be original and plagiarism free. This means that it has to be written from scratch by experts with many years experience. The many years experience should enable a writer to write any form of medical paper including medical thesis, medicine essay and even medicine research paper. Moreover, experience will enable a writer to write a medicine essay that can guarantee academic success.
Students get custom medicine essays from custom writing company. It is essential to choose the best company so that one can get the best custom medicine essay. The best and the most reliable medicine essay writing company should have some unique characteristics such as affordability and the ability to provide original and superior quality medicine essays. The other quality is that the company has to hire expert writers who can write quality medicine essays and other types of medical papers. The essays should not only be quality but also plagiarism free and free of grammatical and spelling mistakes.
A custom medicine essay has a similar structure to any other academic essay assignment. It has an introduction that introduces the topic and tells the reader what the essay is all about. The second section is the body that has many paragraphs supporting the main topic. Finally there is the conclusion that briefly summarizes what has been discussed in the body section of the essay. Students should choose reliable writing companies so that they can get quality custom papers on several fields such as technology, sociology and law in addition to medicine field.
Our custom writing company is the best company that all clients should rely on when in need of any given type of medicine paper. We provide quality papers that not only plagiarism free but also original. Moreover, our custom papers are affordable and able to guarantee academic excellence at all times. All our medical papers are reliable and sure of satisfying clients at all times.
Writing doctoral dissertation is a prerequisite before a PhD degree conferred to you. It usually entails conducting some form of research. Dissertation writing is therefore not among the simplest form of writing you will come across. Dissertation writing process will normally begin by selecting of a topic or a concept. The topic should be on a relevant field and that which would lead to development of new knowledge in the field. While selecting a topic for dissertation writing, ensures that your topic is simple, realistic and attainable. After you have decided on a topic, you need to embark on writing a dissertation proposal. A dissertation proposal is a detailed work plan that provides specific details on how your dissertation project will be conducted. The proposal should contain; an introduction of the topic, the problem statement of your dissertation, objectives, research questions and hypothesis of your study and research methods you plan on using. A proposal in dissertation writing should also contain a literature review. A literature review is a detailed analysis of what other authors have said about your topic of study. The dissertation proposal should also include a work schedule and a budget plan for your dissertation project. After writing your proposal the next step is the collection and analysis of data. There are many approaches for collecting and analyzing data and the choice of these will dependent on the study. Then next is the actual dissertation writing. Dissertation papers should contain all those details included in the proposals. It should also encompass chapters that present the results and finding of the study. Dissertation writing should follow specific structure and style of formatting. This again will vary depending on your study type, institution or field of study. This process of dissertation writing consumes a lot of time and requires a lot of expertise and experience. These sometimes present a challenge to many students when it comes to dissertation writing. We are now providing dissertation writing services. We are offering dissertation papers for a variety of academic fields including; history, sciences, business, psychology and literature among many others. We have highly experienced writers who are also experts in dissertation writing. These dissertation writers are all PhD graduates who have years of practice in writing and have never disappointed when it comes to writing dissertation papers. Our writers will ensure that all the standards for your dissertation writing are adhered to. Though some standard requirement will vary from one dissertation papers to the other, there are some dissertation writing standard requirements that apply to all dissertation papers. One of them is the use of correct language, sentences, spelling and punctuations. Errors committed in such areas my completely alter what you intended to communicate in your dissertations. Another requirement is that your dissertation papers should be original and plagiarism free. To ensure that our papers remain 100 percent original and non-plagiarized we have instructed our writers to always start the writing process from scratch. We also scan all our papers using plagiarism checking software before we hand them over to our client. When you purchase our dissertation writing services, you receive papers that are guaranteed to satisfy your individual needs. This is because all our dissertation papers are custom written which ensures that we are able to adhere to our customers’ concerns and focus in meeting their expectations. Our dissertation writing services are also available at affordable prices.
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J’ignorais également tout de ce faussaire dont les réalisations sont spectaculaires. Je dois avouer que je ne connais rien non plus aux livres de compte siennois du XIVe s. … Une petite recherche sur internet montre toute la diversité de sa production ainsi que l’une de ses oeuvres qui passera en vente le 31 mai :
https://chiswickauctions.co.uk/lot/170531-lot-48/
Passionnant. J’ignorais tout.
Bravo pour la nouvelle version de ce qui n’est désormais plus un blog… Un grand pas de franchi !
Amitiés,
Gonzalo